Uprooted

Part I: Setting the Scene

one The Background

I Prelude

II The Pressure for Emigration Grows

III The Ups and Downs of Official Policies

IV Maria Rye’s Appearance on the Scene

V The Scene is Set

two Early Initiatives

I London: Rye, Macpherson and Stephenson

II Liverpool: Nugent and Birt

III Quarrier and Glasgow

IV Middlemore in Birmingham

V The Networks

Part II: Setbacks and Anxieties

three Checks and Balances

I Orphans,Waifs, Strays and the Deserted

II Asking the Children

III The Pros and Cons of Emigration

IV Growing Anxieties

V The Doyle Inquiry and the Moratorium

four The Issue of Inspection

I The Canadian Answer to Doyle’s Report

II The Response of the Local Government Board

III A Second Canadian Offer

IV A Particular Case

V Eventually Something is Heard of the Children

Part III: The Field Expands

five The Second Wave of Organised Protestant ChildEmigration

I Enter Barnardo

II Shaw and Manchester

III Fegan’s boys

IV The Established Church

six The Catholic response

I The Context

II Liverpool: Preserving the Faith

III Westminster and the French Connection

IV Southwark and Different Policies for Girls and Boys

V Salford Records the Details but Soon Withdraws

VI The Amalgamation and New Policies

VII The Disapproved

VIII The main features

seven The ‘Unorganised’ Emigrationists

I The Examples

II Emma Stirling Confronts the Law

III The Pady Scandal

IV Confusion:The Bristol Emigration Society

V The General Pattern

Part IV: The Canadian Dimension

eight Canadian Demand for Child Labour

I The Farm Family

II Girls as Domestic Servants

III Ages and Wages

IV The School Lottery

nine Canadian Opposition to Child Immigration

I The Setting

II Organised Labour Takes a Stand

III The Disquiet of the Civic Authorities and the Charities

IV The Doctors Express Alarm

V Opposition in the Press

VI Needed but Not Wanted?

ten The Management of the Opposition in Canada

I May and June 1888

II Developments after 1888

III A Charge Repudiated

Part V: Ambiguities and Obfuscation

eleven The Reformatories and Industrial Schools

 I The Background

 II Rising Unease

 III The Royal Commission and Child Emigration

 IV The Repercussions of the Royal Commission’sReport

 V Canadian Vacillation

 VI Uneasy Politics  

Part VI: The Children and Their Parents

twelve What Befell the Children

I Letters from Canada

II The Unwanted and the Runaways

III Removing the Ill-treated

IV Seduction, Sexual Assault and Rape

V Repatriation and Deportation

VI Citizenship

Thirteen Parents’ Rights, Consent and Legislation

I A Changing Pattern

II The Campaign to Limit Parental Rights

III The Legislation

IV Parents’ Complaints and Where They Stood

Part VII: A Chapter Closes

fourteen Into the Twentieth Century

I The Quest for Improvements

II Many or Few?

III The Newcomers

Part VIII: A Review

fifteen Explanation and Assessment

I Why?

II Outcomes and Evaluation

III Hearing from the Survivors

IV Later Voices

V Confirmation

VI A Reckoning

Notes

References

Index