Times of Transformation
Times of Transformation
The 1921 Canadian General Election
Times of Transformation positions the watershed 1921 federal election in the context of activist efforts and the revolutionary mood in the years following the Great War. New Liberal leader William Lyon Mackenzie King, who went on to become Canada’s longest-serving prime minister, came to power, with his party capturing every Quebec seat. The 1921 election brought many Canadian firsts: the first post-Confederation minority government, the first time women were eligible to vote on terms equal to men, and the first effective fracturing of the two-party system, with the establishment of a federal Labour party and the dramatic rise of the Progressives.
In her engaging, in-depth account, Barbara Messamore shows how these changes had been brewing at the activist level even before the end of the war. The Progressive party owed its success to the increasing politicization of farmers and the importance of tariff policy, freight rates, and grain prices to the western voting base. Suffrage came after a decades-long battle for political rights for women. Labour strikes swept the nation in the post–Great War era, and a new national Labour party gained Commons representation. The 1921 election in Canada was a manifestation of long-building forces for change that embodied the global zeitgeist of postwar disillusionment and hope.
Barbara Messamore’s detailed exploration of this turning point election will appeal to those interested in history, biography, and the evolution of Canadian democracy.
The election of 1921 was one of the most interesting and complex in Canadian history. Emerging from the Great War that shook Canadian politics to the core, the election occurred in the context of such powerful forces as a new global order, modernism, national disunity, labour radicalism, progressivism, regionalism, and the agrarian revolt. To say it was a ‘turning point’ election is an understatement. Barbara Messamore has done a masterful job at explaining its importance.
Barbara J. Messamore is a professor of history and department chair at the University of the Fraser Valley. She is the author of Canada’s Governors General, 1847–1878 and coauthor of Narrating a Nation: Canadian History Post-Confederation and Conflict and Compromise: Pre-Confederation Canada. She cofounded and edited the Journal of Historical Biography and is president of the Institute for the Study of the Crown in Canada.
Foreword: Turning Point Elections and the Case of the 1921 Election / Gerald Baier and R. Kenneth Carty
Preface
Introduction
1 The 1921 Results
2 Farmers’ Grievances and Early Organization
3 Tariffs, Trade, and the Economy
4 Disappointed Hopes
5 War and Transformation in Farmer Politics
6 An Uneasy Peace
7 The Growing Power of Labour
8 The Winnipeg General Strike and Labour in Federal Politics
9 New Times, New Parties
10 Economic Troubles and Auguries of Change
11 The Fight for Suffrage
12 A Long Battle Won
13 Winning and Losing Quebec
14 The Electoral Process
15 The 1921 Campaign Underway
16 Election Day and After
Appendix 1: List of Key Players
Appendix 2: Timeline of Events
Notes; Suggestions for Further Reading; Index
Pivot or Pirouette?
The 1993 Canadian General Election
By Tom Flanagan; Foreword by Gerald Baier and R. Kenneth Carty
