North by 2020
Perspectives on Alaska’s Changing Social-Ecological Systems
Originating from a series of workshops held at the Alaska Forum of the Fourth International Polar Year, this interdisciplinary volume addresses a host of current concerns regarding the ecology and rapid transformation of the arctic. Concentrating on the most important linked social-ecological systems, including fresh water, marine resources, and oil and gas development, this volume explores opportunities for sustainable development from a variety of perspectives, among them social sciences, natural and applied sciences, and the arts. Individual chapters highlight expressions of climate change in dance, music, and film, as well as from an indigenous knowledge–based perspective.
The essays are accessible and engaging, providing a comprehensive introduction to many of the challenges facing Alaska today. Even for those of us who consider ourselves engaged in such research and such discussions and debates, North by 2020 offers a refresher and an update of what is happening in fisheries, oil and gas, indigenous knowledge, and more.
An ambitious and successful undertaking. . . . The book takes a holistic approach, and pulls together an impressive array of scientists and authors, with a broad range of background, expertise, scientific disciplines and approaches to the study and understanding of people and nature.
Ambitious. . . . [North by 2020] captures the state of the art in the rapidly developing trans-disciplinary enterprise of understanding, interpreting, and identifying adaptive options for social-ecological systems at Alaska’s high latitudes.
Foreword
Preface
Section 1: A Holistic Approach for a Changing North
Section Editors: Amy Lauren Lovecraft and Hajo Eicken
1.1 Introduction
Amy Lauren Lovecraft
1.2 Transdisciplinary Collaboration in the Fourth International Polar Year: Connecting Studies of Arctic Change across the Sciences and the Arts
Amy Lauren Lovecraft and Hajo Eicken
1.3 Scenarios as a Tool to Understand and Respond to Change
John E. Walsh, Marc Mueller-Stoffels, and Peter H. Larsen
1.4 Contextualizing Alaska's Climate Change from Global to Local Scales: The Boreal Forest, People, and Wildfire
F. Stuart Chapin III and Amy Lauren Lovecraft
Section 2: Indigenous Knowledge, Climate Change, and Sustainability
Section Editors: Ray Barnhardt and Pia M. Kohler
2.1 Introduction
Ray Barnhardt
2.2 The Anchorage Declaration
Submitted by Patricia Cochran
2.3 My Place, My Identity
Angayuqaq Oscar Kawagley
Editors' Note by Ray Barnhardt and Pia M. Kohler
2.4 A Changing Sense of Place: Climate and Native Well-Being
Steven R. Becker
2.5 Values of Nushagak Bay: Past, Present, and Future
Todd Radenbaugh and Sarah Wingert Pederson
2.6 Food Systems, Environmental Change, and Community Needs in Rural Alaska
S. Craig Gerlach, Philip A. Loring, Amy Turner, and David E. Atkinson
2.7 Indigenous Knowledge and Global Environmental Politics: Biodiversity, POPs, and Climate
Pia M. Kohler
2.8 Indigenous Contributions to Sustainability
Ray Barnhardt
2.9 Climate Change and Creative Expression
Mary Beth Leigh, Krista Katalenich, Cynthia Hardy, and Pia M. Kohler
Section 3: Alaska’s Freshwater Resources
Section Editors: Amy Tidwell and Dan White
3.1 Introduction
Amy Tidwell and Dan White
3.2 Alaska Freshwater Policy Development since Statehood
Jedediah Smith
3.3 The State of Water Science
Jonathan Pundsack, Dan White, Jessie Cherry, and Amy Tidwell
3.4 The Role of Fresh Water in Alaska's Communities
Andrew Kliskey and Lilian Alessa
3.5 Planning for Change
Amy Tidwell, Dan White, and Andrew Kliskey
Section 4: The Arctic Coastal Margin
Section Editors: David E. Atkinson and Peter Schweitzer
4.1 Introduction
David E. Atkinson, Peter Schweitzer, and Orson Smith
4.2 The Physical Environment of Alaska's Coasts
David E. Atkinson
4.3 Humans in the Coastal Zone of the Circumpolar North
Peter Schweitzer
4.4 Case 1: Newtok, the First Village in Alaska to Relocate Due to Climate Change
Robin Bronen
4.5 Case 2: Flood Waters, Politics, and Relocating Home: One Story of Shishmaref, Alaska
Elizabeth Marino
4.6 Case 3: Finding Ways to Move: The Challenges of Relocation in Kivalina, Northwest Alaska
Patrick Durrer and Enoch Adams Jr.
4.7 Case 4: Current Situations and Future Possibilities: Issues of Coastal Erosion in Kaktovik, Alaska
Elizabeth Mikow
4.8 Case Studies: Summary, Conclusions, and Prospects
Peter Schweitzer
4.9 The Arctic Coastal System: An Interplay of Components Human, Industrial, and Natural
David E. Atkinson, Peter Schweitzer, Orson Smith, and Lisbet Norris
Section5: Management of Living Marine Resources
Section Editor: Keith R. Criddle
5.1 Introduction
Keith R. Criddle
5.2 Marine Fisheries off Alaska
Keith R. Criddle, Diana Evans, and Diana Stram
5.3 Climate Change Brings Uncertain Future for Subarctic Marine Ecosystems and Fisheries
Franz J. Mueter, Elizabeth C. Siddon and George L. Hunt Jr.
5.4 Conservation of Marine Mammals in Alaska: The Value of Policy Histories for Understanding Contemporary Change
Chanda Meek
5.5 Addressing Rural Livelihood and Community Well-Being in Alaska's Fisheries
Courney Carothers
5.6 Tracking Changes in Coastal-Community Subsistence to Improve Understanding of Arctic Climate Change
Martin D. Robards, Hajo Eicken, and F. Stuart Chapin III
Section 6:Marine Infrastructure and Transportation
Section Editor: Andrew Metzger
6.1 Introduction
Andrew Metzger
6.2 A Historical Perspective on the United States Coast Guard Presence in the Arctic
Lisa Ragone
6.3 The Arctic: A Growing Search-and-Rescue Challenge
Rick Button and Amber S. Ward
6.4 Traffic Management in the Bering Strait
Maureen Johnson
6.5 The Effect of Unregulated Ship Emissions on Aerosol and Sulfur Dioxide Concentrations in Southwestern Alaska
Nicole Mölders, Stacy E. Porter, Trang T. Tran, Catherine F. Cahill, Jeremy Mathis,
and Gregory B. Newby
6.6 Strengthening Institutions for Stakeholder Involvement and Ecosystem-Based Management in the US Arctic Offshore
Sharman Haley, Laura Chartier, Glenn Gray, Chanda Meek, Jim Powell, Andrew A. Rosenberg,
and Jonathan Rosenberg
6.7 Futures of Arctic Marine Transport 2030: An Explorative Scenario Approach
Marc Mueller-Stoffels and Hajo Eicken
Section 7:Coastal and Offshore Oil and Gas Development: Balancing Interests and Reducing Risks Through Collaboration and Information Exchange
Section Editors: Sharman Haley and Hajo Eicken
7.1 Introduction
Sharman Haley and Hajo Eicken
7.2 Analysis of the Arctic Council Oil and Gas Assessment, Oil and Gas Guidelines, and the Prospective Role of the Arctic Council
Dennis K. Thurston
7.3 The Need for International Cooperation in Offshore Oil and Gas
Anatoly Zolotukhin
7.4 Technological Frontiers for Offshore Oil and Gas
Walter Spring, Victoria A. Broje, Jeremy R. Dean, Michael L. Eckstein, Elio J. Gonzalez Domingo,
Mark C. Hansen, Jerod M. Kendrick, Jochen Marwede, John H. Pelletier, Robert E. Raye,
Allan M. Reece, Robert L. Rosenbladt, David G. Taylor, Cody C. Teff, Melanie M. Totten, and
John M. Ward. Corresponding Author: Mitchell M. Winkler
7.5 The Role of Local and Indigenous Knowledge in Arctic Offshore Oil and Gas Development, Environmental Hazard Mitigation, and Emergency Response
Hajo Eicken, Liesel A. Ritchie, and Ashly Barlau
7.6 Local Perspectives on the Future of Offshore Oil and Gas in Northern Alaska
Richard Glenn, Edward Itta, and Thomas Napageak Jr. Edited by Matthew Klick
Section 8: Expressions of Climate Change in the Arts
Section Editor: Maya Salganek
8.1 Introduction
Maya Salganek
8.2 Global Warming and Art
John Luther Adams
8.3 Dry Ice: Artists and the Landscape
Julie Decker
8.4 Social Climate Change of Alutiiq Dance Forms
Lena Snow Amason-Berns
8.5 Seeing Change: A Filmmaker's Approach to Climate Change
Maya Salganek
8.6 The Syntax of Snow: Musical Ecoacoustics of a Changing Arctic
Matthew Burtner
8.7 Climate Change as Telematic Art
Scott Deal
8.8 A Long-View Perspective on Collaborative Filmmaking
Leonard Kamerling
Section 9: Planning for Northern Futures: Lessons from Social-Ecological Change in the Alaska Region
Hajo Eicken and Amy Lauren Lovecraft
Acknowledgments
Index of Authors and Coauthors
Index
