Ad Hominem Arguments
Ad Hominem Arguments
A vital contribution to legal theory and media and civic discourse
In the 1860s, northern newspapers attacked Abraham Lincoln's policies by attacking his character, using the terms "drunk," "baboon," "too slow," "foolish," and "dishonest." Steadily on the increase in political argumentation since then, the argumentum ad hominem, or personal attack argument, has now been carefully refined as an instrument of "oppo tactics" and "going negative" by the public relations experts who craft political campaigns at the national level. In this definitive treatment of one of the most important concepts in argumentation theory and informal logic, Douglas Walton presents a normative framework for identifying and evaluating ad hominem or personal attack arguments.
Personal attack arguments have often proved to be so effective, in election campaigns, for example, that even while condemning them, politicians have not stopped using them. In the media, in the courtroom, and in everyday confrontation, ad hominem arguments are easy to put forward as accusations, are difficult to refute, and often have an extremely powerful effect on persuading an audience.
Walton gives a clear method for analyzing and evaluating cases of ad hominem arguments found in everyday argumentation. His analysis classifies the ad hominem argument into five clearly defined subtypes—abusive (direct), circumstantial, bias, "poisoning the well," and tu quoque ("you're just as bad") arguments—and gives methods for evaluating each type. Each subtype is given a well-defined form as a recognizable type of argument. The numerous case studies show in concrete terms many practical aspects of how to use textual evidence to identify and analyze fallacies and to evaluate argumentation as fallacious or not in particular cases.
‘Walton's own careful categorization and formalization of the various kinds of ad hominem arguments brings clarity to the subject. . . . Walton's book can be recommended for its plethora of interesting examples, its historically informed discussion, and its useful typology of ad hominem arguments.’ —The Midwest Quarterly
‘Rarely is a study of some technical aspect of logic presented in a readable manner: this one has that virtue. . . . Succinct and authoritative. A definitive study.’ —CHOICE
‘Quite accessible to the interested general reader . . . Walton's books are intelligent, perceptive commentaries on aspects of common argumentative practice. . . . We see in Walton a hugely impressive example of the necessity of disciplined observation as a necessary condition of a scientifically tenable understanding of the matters at hand. . . . At the level of 'models of the data,' there is nothing in the literature that surpasses Ad Hominem Arguments. Walton has done us the service of publishing a book that is necessary reading.’ —Argumentation
Douglas Walton is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Winnipeg.
Presumptions and Burdens of Proof
An Anthology of Argumentation and the Law
Edited by Hans Vilhelm Hansen, Fred J. Kauffeld, James B. Freeman, and Lilian Bermejo-Luque; Introduction by Hans Vilhelm Hansen
