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Chiang Kai-shek's Critical Years, 1935–50
Chiang Kai-shek's Critical Years, 1935–50
At the peak of his political influence, from 1935 to 1950, Chiang Kai-shek steered China’s development as a nation and shaped global history. Yet he remains an enigmatic figure remembered primarily for losing a decisive civil war to Mao Zedong. A reinterpretation is overdue.
Based on Chiang’s own writing, particularly his diary, Chiang Kai-shek’s Critical Years offers context for significant decisions that have long been inadequately explained. Leading scholars analyze key episodes, including Chiang’s call for full military mobilization against Japan in 1937 and against the Chinese Communist Party in 1946. They shed new light on his efforts to accommodate the CCP; his relations with representatives of the United States during the war with Japan; and his ability to hold on to the presidency of the Republic of China after 1949, despite disastrous military failure.
This close examination of Chiang’s daily planning and reflection on events reveals his versatility. His achievements were based on astute improvisation that ensured his political survival despite setbacks and weaknesses. The sharpened sense of Chiang’s agency emerging from this important book provides an invaluable foundation for further analysis of the military and political institutional structures he helped build.
Scholars and students of twentieth-century China will draw on this indispensable collection to expand their understanding of key political, diplomatic, and military questions in their research and course work.
This is an invaluable book on the most important political figure in twentieth-century China after Mao: Chiang Kai-shek. It will open the door for a revisitation of issues such as how the Marco Polo Incident led to all-out war.
The authors’ carefully nuanced analyses of Chiang Kai-shek’s decision-making at key moments show the man as a complex actor in his own right, rather than as a one-dimensional caricature. Anyone interested in Chiang and his era should read this book.
Emily M. Hill is an associate professor in the Department of History at Queen’s University in Kingston, Ontario. She is the author of Smokeless Sugar: The Death of a Provincial Bureaucrat and the Construction of China’s National Economy.
Introduction / Emily M. Hill
1 National Unification during the 1930s / Luo Min
2 Chiang’s Response to the Marco Polo Bridge Incident / Sherman Xiaogang Lai and Emily M. Hill
3 A Failed Reconciliation: Chiang Kai-shek’s Proposals to Merge the GMD and the CCP / Yang Tianshi
4 The Stilwell Affair / Steve Tsang
5 "Drinking Icy Water in Winter": Deciding on War in 1946 / Emily M. Hill and Xiaogang Lai
6 Diplomat-in-Chief: Visits to the Philippines and Korea in 1949 / Lü Fang-shang
7 "I Shall Rise Again": Return to the Presidency in 1950 / Chen Hongmin
Conclusion: Assessment of Chiang Kai-shek / Emily M. Hill
Appendix 1: The Republic of China, 1911–54
Appendix 2: China’s Government and Political System, 1927–49
Appendix 3: Biographical Sketches
Selected Bibliography; List of Contributors; Index
